The Impact of Energy Use and Military Expenditure on CO2 Emissions in NATO Countries: An Econometric Analysis
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 201-208, 2026 · Springer Nature Switzerland
Abstract
This study examines the effects of energy useEnergy useand military expendituresMilitary expenditure on CO₂ emissionsEmissionin NATO countriesNATO countries with panel data analyses for the period 2000–2019. The World Bank's WDI data was used as the data source, and PMG-ARDL, FMOLS and DOLS methods were applied in the analysis. Denmark, Iceland, Montenegro and Norway were excluded due to lack of data and 28 countries were included in the study. The findings reveal that both energy consumption and military expendituresMilitary expenditure measured in US dollars significantly increase CO₂ emissionsEmission. The study fills an important gap in the literature on the environmental impactsEnvironmental impact of defense spending in the NATO context and emphasizes that energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency and the environmental impactsEnvironmental impact of the defense sector should be taken into account in policies to reduce carbon emissionsEmissionin NATO countriesNATO countries.
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DOI
Cite · BibTeX
@incollection{ulusan2026the,
title = {The Impact of Energy Use and Military Expenditure on CO2 Emissions in NATO Countries: An Econometric Analysis},
author = {Esma Ulusan and İrem Ak and Melih Yıldız},
booktitle = {NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security},
year = {2026},
pages = {201-208},
publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-20279-6_11},
}